My Protection From Domestic Violence in Florida - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 618 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/16 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Domestic Violence Essay Did you like this example? No one has the right to hurt you. Unfortunately there are many individuals, both men and women, who are living with Domestic Violence in Florida. Victims feel shame when they find themselves in a relationship that is harmful. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "My Protection From Domestic Violence in Florida" essay for you Create order They feel alone, and many times struggle to find a way out of the situation that they are in. There are ways that these individuals can find assistance to protect themselves and their children. An Orlando Divorce Attorney can assist you, even if you are not legally married to your abuser, by helping you to file for a domestic violence injunction, commonly known as a restraining order. If you are legally married, this order can affect parenting plans, child custody and, ultimately, the divorce order. What Situations Qualify for a Restraining Order? Being a victim does not only mean that you were physically hit or beaten. Florida law covers several abuse situations that qualify you for a restraining order. The following can also qualify: Physical abuse of any kind- kicking, hitting, slapping, biting, choking, hair pulling, etc; Sexual abuse; False imprisonment, kidnapping, and removal of the ability to seek help- such as hiding or removing phones, disabling phone and internet; Stalking a victim; Tresspassing; Repeated emotional or psychological abuse; or Threats or threatening behavior that put the recipient in fear for their safety. How Do You Obtain a Domestic Violence Injunction? The courts look at domestic violence as an emergency situation. To begin the process, an individual claiming abuse will file a Petition for Protection Against Domestic Violence. This is a fairly straight forward process whereby the abused individual recieves an opportunity to outline the reasons they are in fear from the other party. Before arriving, you want to be sure to gather as much evidence as you can to enter into your statement- including dates of incidents, witnesses to the abuse, and any police reports. One you have completed your statement, your case will be given immediate consideration. Your Orlando Divorce Attorney can help you to file your plea without your abuser being aware ahead of time. In many cases, a judge will sign off immediately, granting a temporary order. This temporary order will protect you until your court hearing. The abuser is served with the order as soon as it is signed, and will be unable to have any contact with you going forth. A hearing will then be held, giving the abuser the right to challenge the order and tell their side of the story. After hearing the evidence, the court will grant a permanent order, or cancel the temporary order if they feel the evidence is insufficient. How Do Respond if I am Served with a Domestic Violence Restraining Order? As with everything else, there are some situations when individuals seek restraining orders under false pretenses in an effort to gain some footing in a divorce or custody case. If you are served with an order, you need to immediately contact your Orlando Divorce Attorney to begin building your rebuttal to the accusations. At your court appearance, you will have to give testimony and provide evidence showing that your accuser has filed the injunction in bad faith. The court will look at the evidence presented by both parties in order to make a decision. Contact Your Orlando Divorce Attorney If you are experiencing domestic violence, your first move should be to protect yourself and your children. Once you are safe, even temporarily, you should move to file for a protective order. If you have been falsly served with a protective order, you need to move to gather evidence to prove your innocence. In either situation, contact your Orlando Divorce Attorney to protect you and your family.

The Works Of Plato s Life - 899 Words

Plato (428-348 B.C.) In order to gain the proper perspective and fullest understanding of philosophy of property we begin here with the works of Plato. Plato’s life The Greek Philosopher Plato was born in 428 B.C. a free citizen in one of the wealthier, politically active, families of his time in the city of Athens, his early life was marked by The Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) between Athens and Spartan which carried on for nearly 30 years. And at first he was inspired toward becoming a great political leader in his own right. Yet he became was a student and follower of the Earlier Greek Philosopher Socrates. Plato grew up in a time when Athens was a center of trade and commerce and governance and as such following the assumed teaching style of Socrates, he would walk the streets engaging in charged discussions and debates over tenuous topics with countless strangers and foreigner passersby’s. This inevitably means they were exposed to numerous schools of thinking and understanding against which to hone one’s own thinking and understandings, conclusions and beliefs. And while little is known of Socrat es directly, he did not write anything down, modern have gleaned much regarding Socrates from the many writings of Plato. Plato applied what is now referred to as the Socratic Method; in fact throughout his writings, and within this dialog method Socrates is a prominent character for Plato. And while Plato failed to follow in directly in his family tradition of localShow MoreRelatedStudent Teacher1669 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationships such as Socrates-Plato, Plato-Aristotle etc. It is beyond the scope of dubiety that teachers, since ages, have played a major role in the life of an individual and his/her overall upbringing. Teachers are the beacons of light that lead people to success and glory. They are the ones who recognize the talents of their students and encourage them to move further and assist them in reaching the zenith of their potential. Let us dedicate this Teacher s day to all those teachers who,Read MoreKant And Kant s Philosophy On Ethics970 Words   |  4 Pagessame question. A dictionary describes ethics as-moral principles that govern a person s or group s behavior. Is there a universal ethical behavior ? Are all countries ethical ? Theses very same questions many philosophers have tried to figure through time from Socrates to Immanuel kant (and to this very day for the matter!). While comparing two great eathist Plato and Immanuel Kant I, the writer argue that Kant s ideological views on ethics were far superior to Plato’s due to s everal factors. 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(Plato) Plato was then introduce to was introduced to philosophy by Socrates in 469-399 B.C.( Plato)Who then became is mentor, however Socrates died , however shortly after his mentor die he had an an inspiration to induce his into politics this then lead him to be educated in Mediterranean. Plato then startedRead MoreThe Utility Of Myth : Plato s Metaphysics1624 Words   |  7 PagesMetaphysics ï » ¿Plato speaking from the mouth of Socrates in Phaedo, tells us, â€Å"people are likely not to be aware that those who pursue philosophy aright study nothing but dying and being dead.† (61a) As a philosopher Plato sought to offer not only descriptions of the world him around, but prescriptions as well. The above quote when understood metaphorically, for him, shows the aim of philosophy, and goal of the philosopher is and should be to scratch at the surface of our faculties. 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The Death of Socrates manages to grip the viewer with its dramatic climax to death, yet saying something more with it s imagery. The Death of Socrates effortlessly channels utter despair, and yet, unwavering defiance. The painting comprises of the moments just before Socrates ends his own life (Metropolitan Museum of Art). His followers sit beside him weeping in horror as Socrates prepares to die. Socrates himself holds his left hand high up, finger inRead MoreA Life Sketch of Plato and His Works905 Words   |  4 PagesGreek philosophers, Plato must remain the best known of all the Greeks. The original name of this Athenian aristocrat was Aristiclis, but in his school days he received the nickname Platon (meaning broad) because of his broad shoulders. Plato was born in Athens, Greece to one of the oldest and most distinguished families in the city. He lived with his mother, Perictione, and his father, Ariston (Until Ariston died.) 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The Role of the Individual in Candide Free Essays

All around the world the roles of the individual and of society are completely abstract. As the world changes and develops, the roles of the individual and society change to meet the needs of the people. Voltaire’s Candide which involves France during the Age of Enlightment Marx Engels’ Communist Manifesto which involves Germany around 1848 both discuss the roles of the individual and of society in different ways. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of the Individual in Candide or any similar topic only for you Order Now In both pieces of literature what is expected of the individuals and of society is very different from what is presently happening. The Communist Manifesto discusses human nature and social class while Voltaire discusses the flaws of society and the realities that not everything is for the best. In Communist Manifesto, the role of an individual is to be an equal and work towards the greater good of society and the role of society is to provide equality for all people. However in Candide, the role of an individual is to be an individual while the role of society is based upon the society you are living in. The role of the individual according to Marx and Engels is to be an equal with everyone else in society. The immediate aim of the Communists is the same as that of all other proletarian parties: Formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of the bourgeois supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariat† (Communist Manifesto 13) The Bourgeois are the 0. 1% of the population that owns the means of production and The Proletariat are laborers who are 99. 9% of the population. Carl Marx state s here that the goal of Communism is equality for all. If you overthrow the Bourgeois it insures that power will be balanced because its 99. 9% in control now instead it’s 0. 1% in control. Marx describes his distaste for how everyone in society is being manipulated by the small percentage in control. Marx goes on to say that â€Å"The Bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rules of the towns. It has created enormous cities, has greatly increased the urban population as compared with the rural and has thus rescued a considerable part of the population for the idiocy of rural life† (Communist Manifesto 7) People are being control in a majority of their daily routines and being an individual is not something truly supported by the Bourgeoisie. â€Å"You say individuality vanishes. You must therefore confess that by â€Å"individual† you mean no other person than the bourgeois, than the middle-class owner of property† (The Communist Manifesto 16) The idea of communism is to encourage people to actually be individuals while being an active member of society. Although the role of the individual are made very clear by Marx they fail due the ideals of human nature. It is said that the human nature can be considered the downfall of communism. Communism as proposed should be extremely successful but due to human nature there is no way for communist success. The success declines as soon as it starts because people lose motivation. People have no motivation to work as hard as they possibly can because everyone is economically equal. This is a flaw of the communist society as opposed to capitalism. Marx wants people to work as an autonomous collective to gain power and take it away from capitalism however, people are only invested in something that benefits them, and communism relies on an â€Å"all for one, one for all attitudes. According to The Communist Manifesto. the role of society is to provide equality for all people. As stated â€Å"In bourgeois society, living labor is but a mean to increase labor. In communist society accumulated labor is but a means to widen, to enrich, to promote the existence of the laborer† (The Communist Manifesto 15) Marx describes a comparison between the society currently and what Marx’s hopes society will be. Individuals are promised so much more in a Communist society. The difference between the idea of increasing labor and widening labor although minuscule provides hope for the people who are sick of their current society. In communist society, the present dominates the past. In bourgeois society, capital is independent and has individuality while the living person is dependent and has no individuality† (The Communist Manifesto 15). This shows how people, while working toward the greater good have their own individuality under communist society. In a Communist Society although people are allowed to be unique they are all considered equal no matter what. In Candide the role of an individual is to be an individual. Voltaire, throughout the skill of repetition exploits how people behave. He describes for instance how everyone feels someone is better off than they are. Voltaire uses Candide’s journeys to portray the human assumption that the grass is always greener on the other side. Now even though most people are not pleased with how their lives are currently, they are esteemed individuals. Individuals work for the benefits of themselves as they cultivate their farms and work hard to make sure their families are well fed and stable. â€Å"‘I have only twenty acres of land’ replied the Turk, ‘which my children and I cultivate. Our work keeps us free of three great evils: boredom, vice and poverty’† (Candide 112). This shows how in Candide, society’s individuals work hard on their own to make something out of themselves. According to Voltaire in Candide the role of society clearly depends on what kind of society you are currently living in. Societies, according to Voltaire had many flaws. As Candide comes to the land of Eldurado, we are shown an almost flawless society. â€Å"Candide asked to see the law courts, he was told that there were none, that lawsuits were unknown. He asked if there were prisons; the answer was no. †(Candide 64) In this nearly flawless society all men are free and the king is the complete opposite of a tyrant. â€Å"I know my country doesn’t amount to much, but when man is fairly well of somewhere, he ought to stay there. I certainly have no right to prevent foreigners from leaving: that kind of tyranny is sanctioned by neither our customs nor our laws† (Candide 66). Another society Candide discusses is Paris. â€Å"Yes, I’ve been in Paris: it’s a mixture of everything found in all the provinces. It’s a chaos, a restless throng in which everyone is looking for pleasure and hardly anyone finds it, or at least that’s how it seemed to me†(Candide 75) In Paris it seems that this society has no partake in it’s citizens lifestyle. The individuals yearn for what society has to offer them. Voltaire uses satire to take aim at the military, religion, and societies’ shallowness to disprove Pangloss’ theory that â€Å"all is for the best†. The world that we live in is not the best of all possible worlds. How to cite The Role of the Individual in Candide, Papers

Analytical Reading and Writing for Debating - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theAnalytical Reading and Writing forDebating. Answer: If you control your language, you control yourself, and you probably control other people too- Application of the phase in terms of Racism. Language plays the pivotal role in controlling oneself and others. It is always suggested that if one can control the language, the person has the capability to control the world. The subject has the clear linking with the political correctness. It is to be indicated that the official usages of the political correctness has the occurrence in diverse ways (Van Boven, 2000). The new terms are often introduced for excluding the particular group of people from one conversation. Sometimes, this political correctness occurs by using the different linguistic terms. For instance, it has been seen that the institutional departments are sometimes using the code languages to hide the actual meaning of the phrases. The essay focuses on the utilization of the proper language in terms of avoiding Racism (Berman, 2011). The study will develop the idea about the proper language use that can control one and others as well. It is important to take the control on the language. The study will thus analy ze the proper method of using language and eliminating the act of racism. It is to be noted that in current time, no one is ready to admit themselves as the racist. However, racism has the worldwide echoes in the society. The arguments on racism have captured the significant place. Racism is always judgmental and people often classify the racists as per their skin colour and class. It is a well-accepted argument that racism occurs with the explosion of the words or languages (Fairclough, 2003). Sometimes, there is the fear of getting it in a wrong way. Sometimes, it is even cause confusion in deciding the right term to use. However, it is necessary to remember that the terms usually evolve around and developing frequently. It is sometimes easier to people to dehumanize other ethnic group and people do this to some extent. It is reported that the ability to dehumanize members from other group is innate. The use of the proper language seems to be the best way to control one and others. Dealing with the public emotional state of mind requires the proper control of the language. Polite White Supremacy is conceptualized as the notion that determines the ruling aspects of the upper class to the down class in a polite way. Language controls the action of an individual in using the words against the people from difference race and ethnicity. There are some of difference identified between prejudice and racism (Hale Basides, 2013). Prejudice and racism are not interchangeable. Racism is generally referred to the systematic oppression of a particular group of people who are often categorized within a specific phenotypical trait. It is notable that the ruling class is committed to the racism due to their enormou s power. In America, the Black Americans are treated as the attacked dogs in the white ruling class. The victimized people are slowly affected and they die of grief or exhaustion. Hence, controlling the language is necessary to overcome such scenario. Control is conceptualized as the terminology that helps in controlling the perception of the people. Some people tend to judge others and use offending languages to dominate those people. The use of the language should be in such a way that would not harm others. The arguments on racism have captured the significant place (Morris, 2001). The behavioral aspects and the use of the proper words towards the people from diverse background are necessary. The use of the language should be in such a way that would not harm others. The arguments on racism have captured the significant place. Racism is always judgmental and people often classify the racists as per their skin colour and class. It is a well-accepted argument that racism occurs with the explosion of the words or languages (Norton et al., 2006). In Australia, dominating racist behaviour is also much visible. Many of the people have the sufficient knowledge abo ut the gender inequality in support of which the males and females usually take the significant action. Therefore, it is essential for every individual to take the active participation against the inequality in culture, race, and other differences. It is sometimes much difficult to raise the voice against the people who have the diverse opinion about an individual. It can be suggested that the control of the language can be useful for a group of individuals (Sommers Norton, 2006). No one should call a person as racist. Once this language is uttered, a person would become reluctant to continue the conversation anymore. Racism generally manifests the perception of the people about the individuals from different race or colour. The race functions are considered as the fundamental cognitive category that has the symbolic views of several societies like America and Australia (Rahman, 2012). The presence of Africans is also considered as the dominant group in terms of the racism attack. The official usage of the political correctness has the occurrence in diverse ways. The new terms are often introduced for excluding the particular group of people from one conversation. Sometimes, this political correctness occurs by using the diffe rent linguistic terms. Hence, it is essential to put a control to the languages used against racism. The behavioral aspects and the use of the proper words towards the people from diverse background is necessary. The use of the language should be in such a way that would not harm others. The arguments on racism have captured the significant place. Racism is always judgmental and people often classify the racists as per their skin colour and class. It is a well-accepted argument that racism occurs with the explosion of the words or languages. Language controls the action of an individual in using the words against the people from difference race and ethnicity. Hence, controlling one and other is merely a matter of controlling languages that are used to address others. References Berman, P. (Ed.). (2011). Debating PC: The controversy over political correctness on college campuses. Delta. Fairclough, N. (2003). Political correctness: The politics of culture and language. Discourse Society, 14(1), 17-28. Hale, A. Basides, H. (2013). The Keys to Academic English. Melbourne: Palgrave Macmillan. Morris, S. (2001). Political correctness. Journal of political Economy, 109(2), 231-265. Norton, M. I., Sommers, S. R., Apfelbaum, E. P., Pura, N., Ariely, D. (2006). Color blindness and interracial interaction playing the political correctness game. Psychological Science, 17(11), 949-953. Rahman, J. (2012). The N Word: Its History and Use in the African American Community. Journal of English Linguistics, 40(2), 137-171. Sommers, S. R., Norton, M. I. (2006). Lay theories about White racists: What constitutes racism (and what doesn't). Group Processes Intergroup Relations, 9(1), 117-138. Van Boven, L. (2000). Pluralistic ignorance and political correctness: The case of affirmative action. Political Psychology, 21(2), 267-276.

Boeing 747 Essay Example

Boeing 747 Essay . Please use the capital asset pricing model to estimate the cost of equity. b. Which equity market risk premium (EMRP) did you use? Why? c. What Beta did you use and how did you derive it? d. Which risk-free rate did you use? Why? e. Which capital-structure weights did you use? Why? 2. Judged against your WACC, how attractive is the Boeing 7E7 project? f. Under what circumstances is the project economically attractive? g. What does sensitivity analysis (your own and/or that shown in the case) reveal about the nature of Boeing’s gamble on the 7E7? 3. Should the board approve the 7E7? Management Summary The analysis identifies both risks and benefits associated with undertaking the 7E7 project. Giving a calculated WAAC of 15. 44% for the commercial division of Boeing, the project is feasible and profitable. As you will find, the financial calculations provided in this report show that the project will increase the wealth of the shareholders, also identifying the associated risks and how those could be minimized. Assuming the development costs are correctly estimated and the market response is properly gauged, the reasons to go forward with the project outweigh those against it. The market competition corroborated with the unfavorable economic conditions prompt a swift and decisive answer from Boeing. The new 7E7 will have lower operating costs due to increased cargo space and increased fuel economy due to new engine design, would also be versatile and suitable for both short and long flight routes. We will write a custom essay sample on Boeing 747 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Boeing 747 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Boeing 747 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ensuring the development and manufacturing costs are kept down by employing decades of engineering expertise and already proven technologies and solutions, it is recommended that Boeing undertakes the 7E7 project. Cost of Equity The 7E7 Project is a risky project. With a beta of 2. 540738, which is substantially higher than the stock market average company, volatility is expected in this investment. However, with risk comes a reward. The 7E7 project would need to provide returns of 22. 7009% in order to be considered a sound investment. E(Ri) = . 0456+ 2. 40738 [. 117 . 0456] E(Ri) = . 0456+ 2. 540738 [. 0714] E = 22. 7009% Equity Market Risk Premium The equity market risk premium should equal the return expected by investors on a market portfolio relative to riskless assets. We have decided to use the 30-Year Treasury Bond as the risk free return because it most closely mimics the time horizon of the 7E7 project. The expected rate of return of a market portfolio of stocks is estima ted at 11. 7%. This is the estimate used by Brealey and Meyers, and is comprised of total market returns from 1900-2006. Therefore the equity market risk premium is equal to 7. 14%. (11. 7% 4. 56% = 7. 14%) Beta Risk is inherent in the economy and equity markets and the 60 trading day Boeing BetaEquity calculated against the Samp;P 500 Index would be a most accurate predictor of future risk. Due to the length of the Boeing project, at first glance it would appear a beta calculated using a longer regression period would estimate future returns best. The 60 month beta regression period began June 16, 1998. The 21 month beta period began September 17, 2001. Both ended June 16, 2003. This data is highly skewed due to the events of September 11, 2001 and the subsequent deterioration of the airline industry. In this case, the extended length of the regression period is a detriment to the calculation of future risk. Due to the large beta, investors should expect greater returns than the stock market is providing. See Appendix A. Risk Free Rate US government debt is considered risk free as there is a miniscule chance, very near zero, that the US government will become insolvent. This is therefore the risk free rate that we will use for our calculations. The case gives us the rates of the 3-month Treasury Bill and the 30 year Treasury Bond at 0. 85% and 4. 56% respectively, in June 2003. Since this project has a time horizon on the order of 20-30 years it would be very reasonable to use the 30-year Treasury Bond as the value for the risk free interest rate. Capital Structure Weights The following formula will be used for calculating WACC WACC = (Wdebt)(rd)(1-tc) + (Wequity)(re) * rd – pretax cost of capital, it is considered to be the Yield to Maturity rate for the outstanding 30 years bond that matures 2/15/2033, that being 5. 50%. The cost of equity capital will be calculated using CAPM Risk free rate + Equity Beta * (Expected return on market Risk free rate) E(Ri) = Rf + ? i[E(Rm) Rf] * Expected return on market rate Rm is provided at page 175 in Myers and it is the average nominal return on stocks for the last century, the value is 11. 7% * The debt/equity ratio for Boeing is provided in exhibit 10, 0. 525, from where we can infer the weights of both debt and equity. * The Equity beta for the whole company and for the commercial division is calculated in the appendix. Most of the corporations calculate WACC for giving investors an estimate on profitability and for being able to weight future projects. We are presented with Boeing current bonds, which constitute the long term debt portion of capital, and with Boeing’s assets which constitute the equity portion of capital. No other weighted entities (such as preferred shares) are considered. The debt/equity ratio would help with the calculation of weights. Boeing would need to earn at least 15. 443% return on its investments (including the 7E7 project) in order to maintain the actual share price. Also calculated WACC for the commercial division only, using the equity beta found in appendix. The debt/equity ratio for the commercial division was obtained considering the 46% weight of the defense division, the 0. 41 debt/equity ratio for the defense division from Lockheed and the overall 0. 525 debt ratio for the Boeing portfolio. As expected, the WACC for the commercial division is much higher due to the riskier aspect of this investment that impacts the cost of equity capital. Boeing 7E7 Project Evaluation Circumstances for an economically attractive project The project would be economically attractive if Boeing could sell enough planes in a given time period above a certain price. The hurdle rate, or the internal rate of return that gives the project an NPV of zero is 15. 4% according to our calculations. This means that Boeing would have to sell at least 2,500 airliners in the first 20 years at 0% price premium or greater for this project to increase the wealth of shareholders Market Demand The United States has had some of the lowest passenger numbers in recent history. A reverse of this trend is crucial to reach some of the projected sales numbers that Boeing is counting on. There are several factors to these lower numbers. A decrease in business travel has occurred due to cost and the advance of conferencing technologies. And lastly, the weak economy has vacationers thinking of local destinations instead of traveling abroad. Market Share Boeing’s fiercest competitor is Airbus. It is crucial that the new 7E7 delivers on its promise of lower operating cost. This will help command a larger share of the market. This becomes even more important if the economy doesn’t recover as quickly as we hope. The other aspect of the 7E7’s success is the engineering of an expandable wing. Adding this versatility will give the 7E7 owner more options for travel routes. Sensitivity Analysis The following is the sensitivity analysis of the Boeing project which gives optimistic and pessimistic estimates for the underlying variables of volume and cost of sales. The purpose of the sensitivity analysis is to express cash flows in terms of the variables of this project. Boeing had to determine what the decide what the underlying variables were which in this case happen to be development costs and the per-copy costs to build the 7E7. Based on the above sensitivity analysis it reveals that the nature of Boeing’s gamble on the 7E7 is high. Given the information in the case, they forecast that the development costs would be $8M with a base case assumption of 80% as the percentage of costs of goods sold to sales. This would earn a IRR of 15. 7%, however, if costs were $10M with an 84% assumption this would have an IRR of 8. % or a net change of 7. 1 Therefore, the gamble is high because the development costs not only swing $4M but the IRR also has a great variance of 12. 7 given the best case IRR of 21. 30% and worst case of 8. 6%. Optimistic Best case scenario includes a cost of capital that is lower than expected. We used the rate of 5. 85%. However, if yield to maturity rates are lower than expected, we can lower the WACC. For example, a rate o f 3. 393% would give us a WACC of 14. 83% instead of 15. 44%. Or, let’s say that the riskiness of this project was over calculated. A beta of 2 instead of 2. 54 would give us a WACC of 13. 07% Expected market rate is also another area that may be lower because of the economy. If the market expectations underperform, we can also lower our estimates of cost of capital. For example, we used a market expectation of 11. 7%. A 10% rate gives us a WACC of 12. 78% So, as you can see with some of the above scenarios, the outlook may be better than expected Pessimistic Of course, the flip side is that things don’t go as well as predicted. Let’s say that yield to maturity rates are higher than expected. A 6. 37% rate increases our WACC to 15. 57% Or, riskiness of the project is even higher than expected. A beta of 3 instead of 2. 54 would result in a WACC of 17. 46% Or, if the market outperforms expectations, we could also have a higher cost of capital. Instead of the 11. 7% expected market rate, let’s use 15%. That ups our costs to 20. 61%. The below table summarizes these optimistic and pessimistic vi ews | Yield to Maturity| Beta| Expected Market| WACC| Standard WACC| 5. 85%| 2. 54| 11. 7%| 15. 44%| Optimistic| | | | | Low YTM| 3. 393%| 2. 54| 11. 7%| 14. 83%| Less Risk| 5. 5%| 2| 11. 7%| 13. 07%| Weak Market | 5. 85%| 2. 54| 10%| 12. 78| Pessimistic| | | | | High YTM| 6. 337%| 2. 54| 11. 7%| 15. 57%| More risk| 5. 85%| 3| 11. 7%| 17. 46%| Strong Market| 5. 85%| 2. 54| 15%| 20. 61%| Conclusion Board approval for the project? After carefully considering the risks and benefits of the 7E7project, we recommend that the Board of Directors approve the project. There are, however, inherent risks in this project resulting from the design and materials used. The 7E7 is the first plane to use a carbon body construction and employ wingtip extenders. This will add risk to the project since they have never been used on such a large scale project. The supply chain is very large and spread over the globe. This will lead to challenges managing this network of contractors. There are many part of the plane that are being fully constructed in other countries and then shipped by sea to Boeing’s Seattle facility for final assembly. This will add to the inherent risk of the project if any of these contractors fail to deliver on time. Airbus is a close competitor. They will be coming to market with their new A380 in 2005. This plane will be a formidable competitor to the 7E7. If Boeing falls behind regarding innovation, fuel efficiency and all the other attributes of a long haul airliner they will lose their market share. In order for Boeing to compete in the aviation industry, they must take on some risk and develop this new plane. With the economy so volatile, airlines will be looking for options that reduce their operating costs. The 7E7 will carry more passengers per flight in a fuel efficient manner allowing the airline companies to justify purchasing the plane. The success of the expandable wing will also give the plane attractive versatility. For the project to increase shareholder wealth, Boeing would have to sell at least 2,500 aircraft over a 20-year period while keeping development costs at or below $8 Billion dollars and COGS as a percent of sales at or below 80%. If there are cost overruns then the COGS as a percent of sales must stay at 78% or lower (see Exhibit 9). The equity market risk premium should equal the excess return expected by investors on the market portfolio. In this case it was calculated to be 7. 14%. The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) was calculated to be 15. 443%. Since the projected revenues listed in Exhibit 8 are â€Å"well behaved† we can trust the IRR tables in Exhibit 9. For the project to increase shareholder wealth, the IRR of the project should at least equal the WACC. To achieve this Boeing would have to sell at least 2500 airliners in a 20-year period. Boeing is expecting to reach this unit goal The financial calculations provided in this report show that there is a very good chance that the project will increase the wealth of the shareholders. There are other risks mentioned above that must be considered but on balance the reasons to go forward with the project outweigh those against it. Appendices Appendix A BetaAssetBoeing = WBdd * BetaAssetBdd + WBcad * BetaAssetBcad Samp;P 500 60 trading day estimated BetaEquityBoeing = 1. 45 Market- value debt/equity ratio = 0. 525 BetaAssetBoeing = 1. 45/(1+0. 5252) = 0. 950695 The comparison to Lockheed Martin is the most responsible since we are given the Equity Betas and percentage of revenues derived from government (defense and space). Boeing was awarded $16. 6B in contracts, second only to Lckheed Marin with $17B (case page 235-236). Lockheed Martin is the closest competitor to being a pure Defense contractor, Exhibit 10 indicates 93%, which will help access the best estimate for Beta AssetBdd. Boeing Rev from Defense (WBdd) = 0. 46 Boeing Rev from Commercial Sales (WBcad) = 0. 54 Samp;P 500 60 trading day BetaEquityLM for Lockheed Martin = 0. 34 Debt/equity for Lockheed Martin = 0. 410 BetaAssetBdd = 0. 34/(1+0. 410) = 0. 241135 0. 950695 = (0. 46 X 0. 241135) + 0. 54x 0. 950695 = 0. 051024 +0. 54x 0. 899671 = 0. 54x BetaAssetBcad = 1. 666057 Beta EquityBcad = BetaAssetBcad * (1 + d/e) Beta EquityBcad = 1. 66057 * (1. 525) Beta EquityBcad = 2. 540738

History of Super Bowl Weather Delays and Cancellations

History of Super Bowl Weather Delays and Cancellations Could 2018s Super Bowl LI be delayed or postponed due to inclement weather? Given that the 52nd  Super Bowl game will be held at the  U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota, theres a chance there could be snow in the forecast. Still, in NFL Super Bowl history, no game has ever been delayed due to weather. (Super Bowl XLVII in 2014 was the first, and so far, the only game to be delayed. The Ravens-49ers game was delayed for 34 minutes in the third quarter, thanks  to an electrical mishap.) But that doesnt mean weather hasnt tried to.   Super Bowls Turned Snow Bowls Although a weather contingency plan has never had to be implemented in Super Bowl history, there have been a handful of close calls when the Super Bowl was at risk of being delayed.   Super Bowl XLI. February is normally Floridas dry season, but in 2007, an active jet stream and a nearby stationary front converged, leading to monsoon rains in Miami. The game still went on, but not even ponchos were enough to keep fans in the stadium dry. Many left their seats and took shelter in the stadium concourse, or simply left the game early.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Super Bowl XLV.  At the start of Super Bowl week 2011, all eyes were drawn to Arlington, Texas, when the host city was hit by an ice storm. Later in the week, an additional 4 inches of snow fell. An arctic front helped the snow and ice linger all week long, and kept temperatures in the 20s and 30s. But by the weekend, the wintry weather had thawed.     Super Bowl XLVIII. Weather contingency plans were on hand for 2014s Super Bowl the first to be played in an outdoor venue at a cold-weather city (East Rutherford, New Jersey). Not only did a winter storm drop a mountain of snow on the MetLife Stadium just before Superbow l week, but the  Farmers Almanac predicted another round of heavy snow was on tap for Super Bowl weekend. Luckily, when it came down to game time, the weather cooperated with cloudy skies and an air temperature of 49 °F at kickoff nearly 10-15 degrees above normal for the city. (Oddly enough, a winter storm hit the next day, blanketing the city in 8 inches of snow and stranding many Super Bowl travelers.) The Warm-Climate Rule Surprised at the lack of weather delays despite the Super Bowl being played mid-winter? One reason for this is because football, like our US postal service, has a neither snow, nor rain, nor heat... culture. But, a second, lesser-known reason  is the leagues warm-climate rule a sort of built-in weather contingency plan that must be met when choosing the Super Bowls host city.   The NFLs warm-climate requirement mandates  the host stadium location have an average temperature of 50 °F (10 °C) or above for that years scheduled Super Bowl date. At least, thats the way the NFL and Host Committee used to pick potential Super Bowl cities. In 2010, this warm-climate requirement was waived, giving cold-weather cities with open-air stadiums a fair chance at also hosting a Super Bowl. What was the reason for the  change? The chance to offer a new experience for football fans attending in-person and watching at home. In the sentiments of NFL Commissioner Roger Goodall, ...The game of football is made to be played in the elements.  Ã‚   Football in the Bleak Mid-Winter Why is the Super Bowl held in  winter, anyway? Its certainly NOT a matter of preference. Its simply the timing of the NFL schedule. Opening season is always the weekend after Labor Day (the first Monday in September) in early fall; add in the 17-week regular season, three rounds of playoffs, and you land exactly five months later into late winter. Additional playoffs have pushed the Super Bowl date out from early to mid-January to February, but still winter nonetheless.          Winter weather can wreak havoc on football  in a number of ways: Snow.  Snow makes for a slippery football field, but its primary threat is its color.   covering white goal lines, end lines, hash marks. If snowfall is particularly heavy, or if winds are driving winds, it can also mean reduced or no visibility for players on the field.Sleet, freezing rain.  Ice on the field poses a similar threat to players as it does to pedestrians and drivers on roadways and sidewalks: a total loss of traction.Frost.  If temperatures are cold enough, you dont even need snow or ice to freeze the grass (or turf) underfoot frost is enough to do the job. To combat this, many cold-climate stadiums are outfitted with a system of underground electric coils or underground pipes filled with antifreeze (yes, the same stuff thats in your car) to keep the field soft.Cold Air.  Even if you dont have to worry about a frozen field, cold weather still poses another threat to the game: under-inflated footballs. A football (which is customarily inflated indoors) can def late by roughly 0.2 PSI for every 10-degree drop in temperature it experiences after being transferred outdoors.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ Super Bowl Saturday? So, what would happen, if a major weather event DID threaten the safety of spectators on Super Bowl Sunday? A weather contingency plan would be enacted. Contingency plans more or less move the game from its traditional Sunday spot to the Friday or  Saturday of Super Bowl week, or the following Monday or Tuesday. Which day the game is postponed to is a decision thats made closely with meteorologists. For example, if a snowstorm was forecast for Super Bowl night, playing Saturday might be an option. Whereas, if a blizzard hit on a Friday (two days before the scheduled game) it could be the following Tuesday before the city had time to dig out roads and parking lots.   To date, the Super Bowl has never been changed from its originally scheduled date.   If ever  ill weather were to impact the Super Bowl for up to a week, a contingency plan may call for the game to be relocated to another city  altogether.    Super Bowls with the Worst Weather Just because the Super Bowl has eluded all weather-related delays, doesnt mean its game day weather has always been sunny and 60 degrees. Heres a look at some of the weathers most unsettled game days in Super Bowl history.   Super Bowl No. Date Host City Weather Record VI Jan 16, 1972 New Orleans, LA Coldest Super Bowl played at an outdoor venue (39 F). XVI Jan 24, 1982 Pontiac, MI First time Super Bowl was held in a cold-weather city. First Super Bowl played in the snow. XVIII Jan 22, 1984 Tampa, FL Windiest Super Bowl (25 mph wind gusts). XXXIV Jan 30, 2000 Atlanta, GA A rare ice storm hit during Super Bowl week. Atlantas indoor stadium saved it from possible delays. XLI Feb 4, 2007 Miami, FL The first and wettest Super Bowl to be played in the rain. Super Bowl's Worst Weather Games Interested in more facts about weather and the Super Bowl, including observed weather data for each game date? Check out NOAAs Southeast Regional Climate Center Super Bowl Climatology site.

Does GDP describes your personal economic well being Essay

Does GDP describes your personal economic well being - Essay Example The term can be mathematically expressed as equal total investment, government and consumer expenditure, plus the exports value, minus the imports value. The GDP of a country can be determined using the following three approaches; which should all provide similar results; the output or product approach, the expenditure approach, and the income approach (Walter, 2000). The product approach is the most direct and totals the outputs of each category to come up with the total. Expenditure approach is guided by the principle that every product has to be purchased by an individual, thus people’s overall spending must equal total product value. Lastly, the income approach basically works on the rule that earnings of productive factors should be equal to their product value and it determines GDP by totaling all of the producers’ earnings. Well being refers to the feeling of being happy, healthy and comfortable according to Kathleen and Thesia, (2005). However, this depends with what we do with it since it is evident that usually people may feel well in various different ways. In most cases, factors to be considered include social environment, surrounding (house), health and personal realization which include hobbies and work place, to determine well being. However, some people tend to think it is impossible to feel well with no swimming pool, a Porsche, or a ticket to travel round the world in a year. Thus, well being begins at the moment one has and can do what he thinks is fit for himself. Parts of well being can determine if you can have something or not same as the structural behavior determines the possibility of receiving something or being accepted to do so. Thus, one of the features of human’s well being is structural behavior. This term generally refers to a state of people having adequate resources to satisfy their needs. It can also be referred to fiscal

World Political History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World Political History - Essay Example This led to deaths of majority foreigners leading to political wrangles between the Yugoslavian leaders and the Soviet Union. This led to the creation of strongly organized military force. Therefore, this led to the development of powerful armament in the nation in order to counter enemies. This led to depression of the nation’s economy and deterioration of foreign relations. What are the threats in your country? Different political ideologies Yugoslavia experienced conflicting political ideologies among its key leaders. This was due to the existence of both nationalists and communists in the country. This posed a nationwide threat as it led to increased conflicts among different political parties. The communists conflicted with the nationalists as both craved to control the country (Rajak 2011). This led to increased human fear as this signaled an outbreak of another war in the country. This was highly influenced by leading nationalists and communist nations that tried to inf luence their ideologies in Yugoslavia (Rajak). Ethnicity Aftermath of the Second World War was marked by increased ethnicity in all nations that participated in the war. This was due to settlement of war soldiers and captives in foreign countries. Yugoslavia experienced high levels of ethnicity as many war captives, and soldiers who were of foreign origin were retained as captives. This led to increased human suffering in the nation leading to frequent mass protests in the country. This created high tension among the population leading to fear of ethnic clashes among the natives (Rajak 2011). Disintegration of Yugoslavia Moreover, Yugoslavia disintegrated into different nations that sought for self-governance. These conflicts among different... According to the paper Yugoslavia entered the conflict as it tried to align to Soviet Union that dominated the Eastern Europe due to factors such as strong military base, organized military forces, economic success, foreign relations and strong political organization. This caused increased hatred among the local natives and the ethnic Germans leading to increased tension. This led to deaths of majority citizens with no media coverage unlike in other nations. The paper makes a conclusion that Yugoslavia experienced conflicting political ideologies among its key leaders. This was due to the existence of both nationalists and communists in the country. This posed a nationwide threat as it led to increased conflicts among different political parties. The communists conflicted with the nationalists as both craved to control the country. The U.S influenced the International Monetary Fund to give them loans which they were unable to pay. The Yugoslavia government collapsed, and that ended communism leading to disintegration of Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia disintegrated into different nations that sought for self-governance. These conflicts among different communities were as Germany and Austria-Hungary wanted to expand their territories. People of Yugoslavia particularly politicians fled to United Kingdom where they formed a committee for the creation of united Yugoslavia. However, it was crushed by Nazi Germany. The people of Yugoslavia resisted the communist’s rule in protests.

You decide ( should be relevant financial accounting class ) Research Paper

You decide ( should be relevant financial accounting class ) - Research Paper Example Financial statements are, therefore, the financial results that are presented in the form of reports to represent the financial condition of the organization (AccountingTools 1). Financial statements are useful in various ways. These statements are very useful in the course of determining the ability of a business as far as raising cash and cash equivalents, is concerned. It also concerns the various uses and the sources of such cash. The statements are also very useful in determining whether a business can pay back its debts (Philip 2). The information of this nature can be of much importance to the creditors to find out whether the business can pay back the money they would like to lend to it. The statements also assist the organization to be able to track financial trends and use the trends to spot any profitability issues. From the financial statements, financial ratios can also be derived to help in showing the indications about the condition of the business. Financial statements are also critical in investigating certain transactions that are carried out in the business. This paper is, therefore, aimed at investigating the types of financial statements that are commonly used, their purposes and components. There are various types of financial statements that exist. However, the commonly used financial statements are three and include a balance sheet, income statement and statement of cash flow. Financial statements need to be formatted in accordance with the major accounting frameworks when the statements are intended to be supplied to the external users such as lenders and investors. This will make it easy for the external persons to be able to understand the statements without any personalized guidance. The frameworks give a leeway on how the financial statements can be structured. To this effect, statements issued by different firms in the same industry have some particular differences in appearance. Such guidelines are not

Forever And The Aloe Vera Company Marketing Essay

Forever And The Aloe Vera Company Marketing Essay Introduction: Forever, the aloe Vera company Established in 1978, forever living product giving best health and natural product to provide healthy and long life to the people and increase their personal value. Forever is sharing their product with whole world and giving great pleasure to get importance from product. On basis of new survey, forever, the aloe Vera product company becoming giant manufacture, distributor and publisher of Aloe Vera and as well as great bee products in the world. Forever is multi-billion company over the world and operating their business over 140 countries. Forever is international headquarter located in Scottsdale, Arizona, Rex Maughan, founder, President and CEO, Directs operations worldwide, its approx 9.25 million distributors enjoy the support, tools and guidance need to live healthier and wealthier life. Since their business grew and achieve high boost 9 millions of distributors over the world, their product line is increasing by day to day, which is some product e.g. Aloe Drinks, Bee products, Nutrition, Personal Care, Skin care and weight loss etc. Parker, B (2007) Forever Living Products (UK) ltd.  Forever Living Products (UK) ltd. () 4,5 Forever Company Background: Forever living products are commence their operational business form United Kingdom and after short period of time company ready to achieve largest provider of aloe Vera services over the world. In year of 1994, company was ready to spread their magic; first they start head office to the prestigious longbridge manor in Warwick. Forever company is operating and believing on Open door strategy policy meaning for new entrants are always welcome, and regular meeting and discussion are held throughout the year. In year of 2007, Companys revenue number is $2.1 Billion, forever transferred to the United States, which is larger location of business growing industry? Forever started their business as their distribution centre and now they can store 50 containers (1,000 pellets) of product form the US. Forever company successful distributor is packing order approximately 1, 35,000 orders annually. The distribution centre hosts to give increment to distributors and provide tour facilities and o peration. Parker, B (2007) Forever Living Products (UK) ltd.  Forever Living Products (UK) ltd. () 4,5 The Business projects opportunity Scope: By through of author view mission is, We endeavour to understand our customers business so well as to be able to offer comprehensive solutions to their problems. Author is describing if your mission gives ability to solving problem and accurate understanding with customer in business. It is great achievement for company portfolio and good indication of business reputation. Basically, Forever Companys scope strategy describing in following points: Company has been successful in the past but in market so many competitors are giving challenging by global operators expanding into the world. For be successful in the business environment company developing their current product and giving more consideration on RD to improve their services and value of money. To make new implementation on territory, and expand new customer and new market in the new location. To attract and build good relation with customer and distributors, who is giving repeat business from market? To keep distributors and customer loyalty safe provide rewards scheme. Company are trying to introducing new entrants in the team because they are brining new ideas and experience and giving flexibility into the incorporate world. Scribd.com  (2010) Available: http://www.scribd.com/doc/12982888/Busines Last accessed: 10th April, 2010 Marketing Strategy Business Techniques: Through of Roger Penske quotes; We believe that our strategy of aligning our brand mix with strong brands that are gaining market share helped us to perform in a tough first quarter market. Authors: Roger penske Gillian, F  Greenlight Greater Portland  portland.com, Available: http://http://thinkexist.com/search/searchquotation.asp?search=marketing+strategy Last accessed 12th April, 2010 In business marketing there is two important company strategy: How your business will address the competitive marketplace. How you will apply and give support to your day to day operations In Todays business environment is very competitive, there many companys trying to defeat/adopt forever company marketing plan or strategy, which only key success of forever company. So company must be aware of that and they have to make essential implementation and business research to the day to day basis to make safe position in the market. Company Sales Distribution Methods: Following given points describing company sales and distribution method. Points areà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The Forever Marketing Plan: Company is promoting forever product to the distributors on the basis of incentive. To promoting with other consumer and arranging meeting, conference and gate to gather with them and explaining business plan and one day they will be a company revenue maker. Companys trying to reducing paper material, advertisement cost, staff cost that why they arranging formal meeting and conference. Basically business is depended on one people to other e.g. Tree bunch or queue. Marketing plan is only depend on people whos existing in business and they have to introduce new people in the business. Forever living company has good, long track history with new goods and services and forever product improving health without the same old prescriptions for how to feel better. So its give good niche for the reputed business developer. Distributors and Managers incentives and commissions: In the company new distributor price is at least 2 case credit values of goods purchases into any 2 constant months it will make you for qualify for the assistant supervisor level. On the level of supervisor will gives you 30% discount on the whole retail price and once supervisors reached to this level then, they will also eligible for the 5% month and individual bonus, then they can start to build their own team tree of business. New distributors are purchasing all products at a 15% discount on the full retail cost will be  £195 each time order of product. Assistant supervisor (2cc months) getting incentives 5% from new distributors. Supervisor(25cc 2 month) are making incentive 8% on the new distributors and 3 % on Assistant supervisors, which is give total 11% to the supervisors. Assistant Managers (75cc 2 month) are earning 8% on the top of Assistant supervisors and 5% from supervisors, so that is gives sum of 13% to Assistant managers. Finally Managers (120cc 2 month) are generating 10% from Supervisors and 5% from Assistant manager. Managers finally constant on 15% of total. BusinessTown.com  (2003) Business Plan, Available: http://http://www.businesstown.com/planning/creating-rainbow.asp Last accessed: 16thApril, 2010 Forever Business planning- Implementing plans: Business concept of Forever: The forever company has growing rapidly faster and faster and setting good position in competitive market and prepared for future. Companys trying to spread every where in the world and that why they are seeking to provide higher quality of product and services and also considering on skimming method, that is giving higher price rates, companys business will be leader in the market because, they are giving top quality, special services and high level of transaction. Forever key success reason: The success of forever is vary in importance but some are essentially very successful like companys providing high standard products, top class services and giving extra afford on distributors motivate them and they will multiple in short period of time and achieved position in the business. This business ideas is unique thats why in the market we are facing less competitors and we are growing very fast. Forever product is providing stability and peace to the customer and customers are getting their money worth back, so customer satisfaction is key success of Forever Company. Companys current situation/Financial situation: Net Asset Value: 75.10 Trade Time: Apr 19 Change:   0.37  (0.49%) Prev Close: 75.10 YTD Return*: 6.02% Net Assets*: 34.42B Yield*: 0.16% * As of 31-Mar-10 Forever companys current situation is going very well but some time they are facing some error, which is make wrong effect on business growth. But still if see growth of company is going every year high and high achieving their success. Product of company is giving great satisfaction to the consumer and feeling good by using company product. Yahoo! Finance  (2010) Fidelity Growth Company (FDGRX) , Available: http://http://finance.yahoo.com/q/bc?s=FDGRXt=1y Last accessed: 18th April, 2010 Forevers Market Analysis: following given sub points to state briefly and give full detail of market analysis. These areà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The overall market of company: The overall company market is operating $150 million in the US and Canada. Company is operating two different groups, that is 1) Sales of product and 2) Adding new Entrants. First group has been operating low volume of profit but second group is generating high volume of profit, which is giving solid business competition to the completers. Company is leading business market and making higher revenue. Market Segments: The mass retailers are looking for low-priced products and high percentage of their goods and value to maintaining standard. Companys competitors are trying to make duplication of product and services which is diverting forever customer relation and stealing customer trust. Basically forever is spreading their business through of franchise. If distributors are capable enough capital and have excellent business ideas, they can also operate their own business under the forever company. Customer/consumer Needs: Customer needs are not only to enjoy benefits of product and services and also they are interested join this independent opportunities of companys business and build respected reputation in business world. Customers are demand are high about company product because of product is natural and long lasting value, which protecting them from future expenses e.g. medicine, weakness, un-healthiness and natural break down. Competitive Critical Analysis of Company: For topic explanation given points belowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Company operation overview: Across the UK and Asia there are many different firms that distribute the forever franchise. The huge majority wherever distribute only one and two low quality services as a very small filed of their overall distribution of business. In the company, there are providing many distribution firms that giving opportunities between a dozen and as many as one hundred forever products. These firms also to a wide variety of outlets including mass merchant accounts. Business opportunities: While the competitions is perfectly stand in, and giving a more of focus to, current important markets for this product, they are much less presser gaining the higher end of forever company market. Company is offering terrific potential because it has significant growth potential, and the competition is not well-introduced here. Might be company is not be largest but its appear a very strong status opportunity for a newer competitors. Threats and Risks: Company is facing some threat and uncertainty, because we are a new entrants firm, we do not anticipate a meaningful or prompt reaction our market entrance form our larger and more established competitors. We thought a solid reaction form existing distribution field is basically unlikely because the first competitors derive on a very small percent of their business from forever sales, and even that revenue is largely from different Franchise and Merchandisers. So we facing some threats like, if competitor are providing lowers their prices on the exact same products we are offering we will match their price on that product. That why we have to be keep updated with business environment changes and research, for solution forever companys is investing more money on Research and development to make unique implementation on the business. BusinessTown.com  (2003) Business Plan, Available: http://http://www.businesstown.com/planning/creating-rainbow.asp Last accessed: 16thApril, 2010 Sales and Marketing of Company: By through of Author said, Man does not only sell commodities, he sells himself and feels himself to be a commodity, and the sole purpose of marketing is to sell more to more people, more often and at higher prices. There is no other reason to do it. Erich, Sergio, F (2010)  DailyCelebrations  Sales and marketing qoutes, Available: http://http://www.dailycelebration.com/marketing2.htm Last accessed 20th April, 2010 Marketing Plan: Forever marketing plan is to work with our distributors on a day to day basis and implement innovate marketing programs for the company. Basically we are in corporate market so we have developed close working relationships with our distributors. In hence we will upgrade emphasis in new entrants sales calls to build credits. Company will closely building all of our marketing and sales efforts to project a consistent image of our company and a consistent positioning of our product or services. We will established this profile all our name Forever, The Aloe Vera Company and which we will attend meeting and conference some trade show and produce a colour catalogue these marketing initiatives are seen as supporting, not competing with our independent sales representative. Sales and Marketing Tactics: Companys primary tact is face to face selling and joining business opportunities. Spreading business opportunities hand to hand and giving importance to the need of customer and trying to displays, and in building a bigger forever business for our customers. Company will insist that our independent business tactics represent only non-competing, non-forever lines. We are organising meeting on daily basis on different location and giving motivation to the distributors and manger, they can set high target goal. Company is representing on a ledger basis, giving them incentives and bonuses on all sales of order in their exclusive territories. BusinessTown.com  (2003) Business Plan, Available: http://http://www.businesstown.com/planning/creating-rainbow.asp Last accessed: 16thApril, 2010 Michael Porters Five Forces on Forever, the Aloe Vera Company: In forever company business, the porters forces tool is playing important role to describe different characteristics on company business behaviour. It is also giving clear view to how to forever overcome their weakness and how forever can develop their fair advantage into the strength of company. These forces are also making awareness from competitors strategy, wrong steps into the business, new product failure, un-successful services or business opportunities. Reference:  http://www.metrixmedia.com/images/Porter03.gif Following point is describing company issues and assumption through of porters five forces that is stating competitive power in different situation: Supplier Power: Forever suppliers are demand increasing by day to day basis because company growth and profit margin is very high that why suppliers are forcing to the Forever to increased their power of supply. Forever product and services demand are increasing because of, they are giving life time valueless benefits. This is also kind of source where suppliers can ask for more benefits from company, if company is not agree on their demand, suppliers can switching to another company or other company competitors. If its happened then forever market value and relation with customer will affected in form of loss, diversity, failure of business. Buyer Power: Forever company product and business opportunity demand going up, so obviously consumer and distributors need will increased in form of facility, incentives, bonus, services etc. companys position is on standard and top level situation in the business market but in the business market forever have many competitors are there, those are looking for your one mistake and they will defeat you. So Forever Company aware of this, they have been flexible and understanding with buyer other wise company might be face failure in business. Buyer power is increasing because in market there is crucial competition between companies. So If forever will fail to satisfy buyer demand then could be buyer are start switching different alternative. If company deal with few, strong buyer, they are often able to dictate terms to Forever company. Competitive Rivalry: In this competition generation, if we see every one chasing their successful competitors and adopting and copying their strategy, innovation, services, schemes etc. Forever company is also market leading company that why some competitors like Fast track, kleenezee and Global world etc, are trying to defeat forever company. Forever companys always giving special consideration to make their suppliers and buyer will happy and satisfy, other wise they go elsewhere. But also company has to give a afford to whatever they do, on-one else can do, then company can often have tremendous strength in between competition. Threat of Substitution: Forever company powers unique and innovative that is reason many companies adopting and implementing their strategies on their business. E.g. for Kleenzee is adopting concept from forever company and giving tough competition to forever in the business. By this substitution companys seems to be decreasing their value in the market and their customer choosing different company product and services for this reason company might be loose their power in the market. Customer may substitute by doing the process manually or by outsourcing it. Threat of New Entrants: Todays every where competition is going in the business industry that is reason by my own point of view Present Generation is Competitive Generation New companies are just started their business, they start competition with other. Forever is giving opportunities to other people to make their own company by support of them but any how the new company are facing threat of substitution of product, services and technology etc. because of other competitors are already adopting their business tactics and strategies. That why forever always spending more investment on Research and development to regularly innovate unique ideas, which give confident to maintain their standard of services and customer trust on their company. If company have solid and effective barrier to entry, then they can perform on their position and take fail benefits of it. Porter, M (1995)  MindTools  Porters Five forces strategy, Available: http://http://thinkexist.com/search/searchquotation.asp?search=marketing+strategy Last accessed 21st April, 2010 Recommendation: When I meet face to face to the companys CEO to discuss the serious problem like many people do not know about Forever Company, because companys not Advertisement their product and independent business opportunities in different sources e.g. Newspaper, Television, Posters etc. Through of my point of view, they have to also provide variation of product, which is give different and unique experience to the consumer and its also make updated in between competitors. Implement important changes of adding an online benefits request system and provide online business opportunities, because of this company can also international customer and distributor. Forever company must be implement some important strategies like they have to provide more incentives for new distributors, that is one way to attract more distributors and once they will into the business then provide them standard percentages of incentives. Company should be provide companys financial, revenue, and profit margin information to the general people, its build trust and strong relation between customer and distributors and also for New Entrants, it will be first impression of company. In my point of recommendation, I suggest to company to give some percentage of concession on joining fees and order charges for student. Forever business offering necessary literature items and sundry items (e.g. carrier bags, guidelines book) not only to aid your product launches but also useful for education purpose and as business tools, this is also good source of education and knowledge. Conclusion of Project: Forever business has grown into as largest product selling company in the business world. Forever is not only one big business, but also million of successfully growing on home based business. It is also shared dream of many people that has made forever living the success it is. Forever is business strategy spreading all over world and providing un-forgettable service and product quality to their customer. Its also motivating people to join their business and giving opportunities to operate their own business.

Ben & Jerrys Ice Cream :: essays research papers

The Board of Directors of the Company has since 1988 formalized its basic business philosophy by adopting a three-part "mission statement" for Ben & Jerry's. The statement includes a "product mission," "to make, distribute and sell the finest quality all natural ice cream"; an "economic mission," "to operate the Company on a sound financial basis...increasing value for our shareholders and creating career opportunities and financial rewards for our employees"; and a "social mission," "to operate the Company in a way that actively recognizes the central role that business plays in the structure of society by initiating innovative ways to improve the quality of life of a broad community: local, national and international." This statement has been further simplified by the Company's statement of "Leading with Progressive Values Across our Business." "Underlying the mission of Ben & Jerry's is the determination to seek new and creative ways of addressing all three parts, while holding a deep respect for individuals inside and outside the Company and for the communities of which they are a part." Since 1988, the Company's Annual Report to Stockholders has contained a "social report" on the Company's performance during the year. The Company's social mission has always been about more than philanthropy, product donations and community relations. Ben & Jerry's has strived to integrate into its day-to-day business decisions a concern for the community and to seek ways to lead with its progressive values. The Company makes cash contributions equal to 7.5% of its pretax profits to philanthropy through The Ben & Jerry's Foundation (the "Foundation"), Community Action Teams, which are employee led groups from each of its five Vermont sites, and through corporate grants. Excluded from the 7.5% are contributions out of a portion of the proceeds of incidental operations, not directly relating to Ben & Jerry's core business of the manufacturing and selling of Ben & Jerry's frozen desserts, such as a portion of the admission fees for plant tours. Also excluded from the 7.5% are corporate sponsorships that have as one of their purposes the furtherance of Ben & Jerry's marketing goals. For 1999, the 7.5% amounted to approximately $1,120,000. The amount of the Company's cash contribution is subject to review by the Board of Directors from time to time in light of the Company's cash needs, its operating results, existing conditions in the industry and other factors deemed relevant by the Board. See "The Ben & Jerry's Foundation." In some instances where the Company pays royalties for the licensed use of a flavor name, the licensor donates all or a portion of these royalties to charitable organizations.

Quality of Life Essay

Twenty first century is witnessing a world that has become an increasingly diverse and complex place. Changing global trends are causing a paradigm transformation of social and cultural systems. Western societies are experiencing an accelerated aging and people in general have evolved a misconception about today’s elderly. They are perceived as being sick, isolated, self-centred and a burden on society, which is totally false. There is a need to develop social cohesion between generations and within the older generation to understand the matter in correct perspective. An effort has been made in this paper to focus on this key issue and highlight the importance of inter and intragenerational relationships to quality of life to older people. The present demographic profile of the United Kingdom reflects a number of consistent and marked trends. People are living increasingly longer, the birth rate is showing a steady decline and the mean age is increasing steadily. By 2031, the over 80s population is predicted to double to 5 million, according to the Office of National Statistics. If the health of the elderly population follows current trends that will mean people spend more of their lives fighting various illnesses. Since 1981, the amount of time women can expect to live in poor health has increased by 15%. For men, the length of poor health rose by 34% (Triggle, 2004). Besides health, older people face the mobility problems, poor transport and lack of finance. Car usage declines with age and varies by sex. 77 per cent of men and 64 per cent of women aged 65-74 in 2001 in Great Britain had access to automobiles (National Statistics, 2006). Today, we can observe a significant change in family structures. The realignment of family ethos has caused varying degrees of separation between the young and old members of families and affected familial relationships negatively. As people age and their working lives end, they may have more free time available to spend in a social circle. Barriers of older life further enhance the necessity to promote inter and intragenerational relationships. This paper scrutinizes the various dimensions of quality of life at old age. It overviews the factors affecting quality of life and highlight the significance of relationships at old age. Components of Quality of Life  Quality of life is a wide ranging term. The Department for Work and Pensions of UK (2006) identifies five domains as the most relevant to assessing progress in older people’s quality of life: 1) Independence within inclusive communities. 2) Healthy, active living. 3) Fairness in work and later life. 4) Material well-being. 5) Support and care. Independence within inclusive communities necessitates to address issues like exercising independence, exercising choices that give them control over key aspects of their lives, and participation in local community through inter and intragenerational relationships. Health and active living deals with problems like access to healthcare proportionate to older people’s needs. Fairness in work and later life encompasses factors like job opportunities, involvement in decisions that affect their lives, and no age discrimination in access to goods, services and employment. Material wellbeing includes sustaining key elements of their previous lifestyle, and using their resources to best effect. Support and care encompasses the supply of care and support, availability of support in a variety of forms to meet diverse needs, affordable care, and protection to older people from abuse. Factors Affecting Quality of Life of Older People Good quality of life in old age is a realistic ambition for all. Early old age, sometimes called the Third Age, between 55 and 75 years old, is the phase of life between leaving the labour market and the onset of physical dependency. There are a number of factors that affect quality of life at this age. A research study carried out by Dr Blane (2003) concluded that quality of life for the affluent-healthy is higher than for the deprived-sick. Having control over when and when not to work has a significant bearing on quality of life. Then the quality and density of a person’s social network was more important than the number of people in the network. Importance of Intergenerational and Intragenerational Relationships to Quality of Life The term generation has a numerous contemporary meanings, incorporating biological, familial and social factors (Back, 1987). An intergenerational perspective (between and across generations) highlights the reciprocal obligations, rights and influences between different generations. An intragenerational perspective identifies similar age groups and the succession of individuals who are distinguished by the bounds of a society and set apart by time and common experience (Fredriksen, 1993). Historically, within the UK, there had been a strong tradition of the young learning from the old in their role as respected elders or through structures such as apprenticeship schemes and trade guilds (Hatton, 2002). Significance of intergenerational relationships is evident from a survey which reports that to the elderly, welfare of children and grandchildren is twice as more important than their own health and money (Roy, 1999). Older parents have always been providing financial support in the forms of donations, gifts and regular monetary contributions to their children. They are also important sources of instrumental support (shopping, cleaning, home maintenance, childcare) and emotional support (advice, validation) for their children (Bengtson, Rosenthal & Burton, 1990). Many elderly people continue to provide support for adult children and the provision of a home for one’s children can extend well beyond middle age (Evandrou, Falkingham, Rake & Scott, 2001). Living arrangements are a key dimension of quality of life and well-being in old age. Older people living alone are more likely to enter an institution than those living with other people (Breeze, Slogett & Fletcher, 1999). Involvement of older persons in local communities contributes to their quality of life, as well as to the functioning of the community. The relationship between different groups of older persons is therefore very crucial in maintaining the quality of life (UN-Economic and Social Council, 2002). Altered patterns of mortality and fertility have made intergenerational structures in the family more â€Å"top heavy† and vertically extended. While horizontal, intragenerational ties are shrinking, vertical ties across generations are more complex and durable than ever before in history (UN-Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2005). Importance of social groups and networks in later part of life is quite evident from a research study carried out in Scotland (Philip, Gilbert, Mauthner and Phimister, 2003). The participant observations and questionnaires have provided useful insights into the levels and types of participation in social groups among older people in the study area. The report finds that there is high level of participation and involvement in social groups amongst older people (aged over 60). As a whole, respondents attended 68 wide-ranging types of groups including civic participation (e. g. local government), voluntary activities (e. g. Red Cross; Meals on Wheels), friendship, social, leisure, religious, cultural, heritage and special interest groups. Those aged in their seventies and early eighties were the most likely to be involved in social activities Another study summarises that older people preferred the company of others, had a higher level of contact with friends and lower levels of psychological problems (McKee, 2002). In 2002 around three in ten men aged 80 and over and nearly one in five women in England said they owned a mobile phone. Use of mobile phones and the Internet helps older people to remain independent by making it easier for them to communicate with their family and friends or to access public and commercial services (National Statistics, 2006). Conclusion Society in the UK is changing. More people are living longer in greater prosperity. In the next decade, the numbers over 50, over 65 and over 80 will all increase to levels never seen before. We need a coherent strategy to manage that demographic change. Elaborate and diligent plans are required to enable older persons to continue to participate fully in all aspects of life. For a better quality of life, we need to promote the development of a society for all ages through the strengthening of intergenerational and intragenerational solidarity. Young generations have responsibilities and a special role in building a society for all ages. Older generations have equal role to play.

Industry Life Cycle Essay

It is quite natural that people concerned with environmental issues could worry about the convenience industry. As it operates 24 hours and required high frequency deliveries, it inevitably include in the strong criticism because high frequency delivery is said to cause traffic jams and increase exhaust gas pollution. Even the 24-hour operation mode is criticized by many quarters in light of environmental problems, and even social problems like the increase of crime. To deal with these problems, convenience store takes up with reducing the numbers of deliveries through their effort. It also invests on electricity-saving equipment to be installed at all of its chain stores to save the electricity of electric lights and also the electricity of air-conditioners simultaneously. Industry Life Cycle The nature of corporate strategy will change as industries move along the life cycle. Introduction Phase In 1927, the Southland Ice Company is founded in Oak Cliff, Texas Tote’m stores introduced. At the same time, other types of stores were emerging such as â€Å"midget† stores and â€Å"motorterias† or mobile convenience stores. Sometimes supermarkets had small outlets in rural areas for people. The pattern of the emerging â€Å"convenience† types of stores grew modestly until World War II (although they were not yet called â€Å"convenience stores†). The big factor in all of these operations was fast service. In this phase, industry performed a high price, but profit is low due to investment in new category. Growth Phase At the end of the World War II and the increased ownership of automobiles sparked the rapid growth of the industry in the 1950s. The automobile helped fuel the growth of suburban living. The industry grew rapidly along with this consumer need for convenient shopping. Additional forces continued to drive convenience store growth. As grocery stores became larger and larger, they became less convenient for the customer who was in a hurry. Convenience stores filled in. Also, the increase in the number of working women reduced the amount of time available for shopping. Convenience stores began offering gasoline in US when self-serve became popular. As the industry moves towards growth, competitors are attracted by its potential and enter the market: supermarkets, mom-and-pop grocery stores, specialty food shops, drug and variety stores, vending fast food chains. Step into 1970s, convenience store operators had to cope with price and wage controls, gasoline and merchandise shortages, record inflation and interest rates, and increased competition due to longer hours and increased discounting by supermarkets. Maturity Phase As all the available customers are satisfied by the product, growth slows down and the market becomes mature. In the late 1980s, there was a continued reduction in the opening of new stores and an increase in the investment required for a new store. Industry attention moved to improve operations, margins and cost control. Rapidly changing technology area is providing new challenges and opportunities for the industry. Costs continued to go up with severe competition held back margins; more regulations were imposed, and there was an increased cost of doing business. Store labor costs were increasing due to increases in the minimum wage, more fringe benefits as well as many other factors such as adding service items like gasoline. As the number of convenience stores increased, the average number of households served by an individual store dropped. The higher level of saturation and increased competition led to fewer customers per store; therefore, stores remodeled to attract more customers rather than building new stores. The convenience store industry continued in the maturity phase; but the impact of increased competition, higher energy costs, new store expenses, and higher labor expenses reduced profits as a percentage of sales. Those companies that seek out customer needs and align themselves to serve those needs will be successful in the future. Structural drivers of change Structural drivers of change are forces likely to affect the structure of an industry, sector or market. It will be the combined effect of some of these separate factors that will be so important, rather than the factors separately. (Johnson & Scholes, 1999) 1. Issues of the law’s effectiveness: With the deregulation of many areas such as liquor license, medical supplies, travelling tickets, tours and so on, convenience stores should prepare its entry to deregulation fields. For instance, in expectation of deregulation in the sales of medical supplies, many convenience stores are preparing to entry to this field. It gives more opportunities for industry to attract more customers. 2. Offering new services: Offering new service is also a weapon for convenience stores to face the competition. Industry offers convenient services based on each neighborhood’s individual needs, including automated money orders, copiers, fax and automatic teller machines, long-distance phone cards and lottery tickets, where available. Not only does this service contribute to the increase in sales figures, but it also attracts many customers resulting in incidental shopping as well. For example, 7-Eleven in Japan sell rice and this contributes in particular to capturing the housewife bracket as a new customer type. This customer group had previously seldom shopped in the convenience store. Offering goods and services related closely to daily life enables a store to expand the base of its customers. Penetration of different industry: Competition becomes aggressive because the penetration of different industry. In the convenience retailing area, supermarket establishes their 24 hour store in some place. Convenience stores sell drug in order to attract more customer from drug store. Global players are getting into the game. Discount department stores are moving into grocery store categories. The convergence of retail competition will intensify competitive pressures and renew downward pressure on prices and margins.

Cinema is an Adventure , but the difficulty is that it is an adventure that you have to strive continually to control The WritePass Journal

Cinema is an Adventure , but the difficulty is that it is an adventure that you have to strive continually to control Abstract Cinema is an Adventure , but the difficulty is that it is an adventure that you have to strive continually to control AbstractIntroductionJean Rouch as a Film maker and an Ethnographerâ€Å"Les Maitres Fous† (The Mad Masters)ConclusionBibliographyRelated Abstract The very perceptions and style of ethnographic cinema was changed with the intervention of late Jean Rouch’s films. He was considered as one of the founding fathers of Cinema Verite   or Real Cinema In France,   and Surrealism. Jacques Rivette (1968) considers Rouch as the force behind the entire French cinema made in past ten years. Rivette comments that the importance of Rouch is much more in the evolution of French Cinema than Godard with few people realizing it (Rivette,1968). According to Henley(2009) his sudden death in a road accident, in February 2004, made Visual Anthropology lose one of its precious gems. Rouch was a visionary and a true believer in the strength of lenses. In most of his interviews he talked about the power of camera and the responsibility attached to it. He believed that camera had the power to reveal the inner most beliefs and impressions of mankind (Henley,2009). My first encounter with Rouch’s films was in my Visual Anthropology classe s. At first I found it quite difficult to understand his films as most of them were in French. However Rouch’s different and controversial approach to ethnographic cinema with his very interesting personal touch in all his films molded me to watch his movies in spite of such difficulties. Henley comments that though Rouch made more than one hundreds of films but only handful films have been distributed far wide while majority of the films remain unknown and difficult to see specially for English speaking world (Henley,2009). The most interesting fact about Jean Rouch’s cinema, as Mick Eaton puts forward was that, Rouch believed that more observations can be done with a film rather in direct observations. He suggested that through films you can get more feedback from your subjects and participants which make the observation far more interesting and trustworthy. Rouch belived that his films were for greater number of people, it is a fight against the colonial oppressions and colonial notions of other societies as savages.(Eaton, n.d) Through his films he conveyed the message that was given by Malinowski long back. He asked people to understand each society in their own unique context and to respect their values and institutions. Rouchs films are true representation of his thoughts on humanity and global understanding (Eaton,n.d). Introduction My earnest desire to write a Visual Anthropology essay on the works and contributions of Late Jean Rouch grew more profound after watching his film† Les Maites Fous† (The Mad Masters) .The film was released in the year 1955 and was a subject of great dispute among the various African intellectuals and French scholars. At the first glance I felt very uncomfortable with the scenes and visual presentations of the Film, but as I kept on watching it, true meanings of the film kept on unfolding in front of my eyes. One of the major reasons for choosing Jean Rouch and his film as the topic of my essay is because through my research I realized that most of the scholars and researchers have avoided critical evaluation and organized research   on Rouch’s films due to unavailability of the films and also because major number of films are in French. This has diminished the contribution of Jean Rouch and his films in the sector of Anthropological and Ethnographic films to an extent especially in the English Speaking Countries. The neglecting behavioral pattern towards Rouch’s films instigated me to find out more about Jean Rouch and his films. As Paul Stroller (1992) puts forward, that Jean Rouch is not given the right place in the history of anthropology and film and is often misunderstood and condemned by different scholars. In this essay I will talk about the various notions attached to Jean Rouch and his films, while critically evaluating his work â€Å"Les Maitres Fous†(The mad masters), 1955. Jean Rouch as a Film maker and an Ethnographer Jean Rouch saw cinema as an adventure and himself as an adventurer. As Claude Jutra(1960) comments â€Å" A chronicle of the Rouchian adventure is certainly an exciting prospect , but it is one that I approach with caution. One never admires without reservation. Any tribute carries within it an element of denunciation. No eulogy deserves to be trusted unless it is combined with certain degree of meanness†. (Jutra,1960:2). Jean Rouch dreamt of cinema as the only means of telling truth about people and societies. Stroller designated Rouch as the most prolific ethnographic filmmaker in the world whose ethnographic works are much unknown (Stroller,1992). Rouch clearly represented a unique combination of anthropology and art in his films. According to Brink, he was a filmmaker who did the most initiating job in pushing the boundaries of visual anthropology to an extent whilst still following the important norms and perceptions of visual anthropology of his time (Brink,n.d). Henley(2009) claimed that his films blurred the distinct lines between fiction and reality. As Jean Rouch himself, elaborately comments â€Å"For me as Filmmaker and ethnographer, there is practically no frontier between documentary film and fiction film. Cinema art of the double, represents a transition from the real world to the world of the imaginary, while ethnography, the study of other a peoples’ system of thought, involve s a permanent criss-crossing from one conceptual universe to another, a form of acrobatic gymnastics, in which losing your footing is the least of the risks†.(Rouch,1981:31) Rouch’s most remarkable films were Les Maitres Fous (The Mad Masters 1955),Moi Un Noir (1958),Jaguar (1967), andChronique d’un ete (1960).  Ã‚   Grimshaw and Eaton suggested that Jean Rouch’s films were much controversial in nature as well as did create a lot of debates among the scholars and intellectuals of younger generations. Surprisingly enough, among the anthropologists, there has been a substantial transformation in the approach towards Rouch’s films which has made it as one of the best examples of traditional ethnographic films. Stroller comments Jean Rouch as the Champion of the African Ethnography and the â€Å"Father of The Nigerian Cinema†(Stroller,1992).Brink states that Rouch gave primary focus to African people in his films, which made his cinema appealing and engaging to a limited number of audiences (Brink,n.d). According to Eaton, Rouch wanted his cinema not only to serve the purpose of anthropological education but also to use i t in much greater scale in order to understand the universal human interests and disciplines (Eaton,n.d). Henley remarked that Rouch believed in 100% participation in the events he filmed (Henley,2009). According to Edgar Morin, Rouch was a â€Å"Filmmaker Driver† who immerses himself into the life of his subjects and participants. Morin who was a well known French sociologist, worked with Jean Rouch in one of his most celebrated works â€Å"Chroinicle of a Summer† or â€Å"Chronique d’ un ete†in 1960. It was him who categorised Rouch’s films as â€Å"Cinema Verite†. Morin has explained this term as â€Å"there remain the most difficult, the most moving, the most secret (aspect of social life): wherever human feelings are at stake , wherever the individual is directly involved , wherever there are interpersonal relationships of authority, subordination , comradeship , love , hate in other words everything connected with emotion fabric of h uman existence . There lies the great terra incognita of the sociological or ethological cinema , of â€Å"Cinema Verite† . There lies its promised land (Morin, 1962:5) â€Å"Cinema Verite† is very much different from the direct cinema. Rouch viwed â€Å"Cinema Verite† as   â€Å"Cinema Provocation†. He explained that through this provocation a new form of cinema emerges which is more realistic than the real. The most interesting fact is that at first Rouch, himself was a great supporter of direct Cinema but with the time he got more indulged into the fictional films following the ethnological perception.   According to Michel Marie (1976), â€Å"Direct† in the technical sense of the term designates the synchronous recording of image and sound , the concept of direct cinema designates first of all a new technique of recording pro-filmic reality. This term replaced the more enigmatic cinema such as â€Å"Cinema Verite† at the beginning of the sixties, applies beyond a simple technique, to the whole new stream of practices which overthrew methods of film making that was previously standardized completely through the industrial model. Marie commented that â€Å"As opposed to industrial cinema, fictional and spectacular, in case of direct cinema the action to be filmed is void of an anterior status† (Marie,1976:35). â€Å"Cinema Verite† It is a kind of cinema where there is a good amount of conversation and interaction between filmmaker and his subject. In this form of cinema there may be also little provocations which can be noticed from the filmmakers side to his subjects (Feld,2003).   Rouch as a kid was very much influenced by the film â€Å"Nanook Of the North† (1922), which became an inspiration to the films that he made in later life. Brink states that Rouch inserted new forms and ways in the style of film making. With his work he blurred the difference between real and unreal, truth and fantasy and literally played with his lenses. It was interesting to note that his inquisitive nature and the use of new technology gave birth to a different genre of cinema which more or less became unique in its own ways.   As Mick Eaton (n.d) suggests that Rouch has tried to defend his film making practice in a very significant way, according to Rouch his presence during the film making is a very crucial factor not because people i.e. his subjects and participants will reveal themselves more openly and honestly out of trust and faith but more because they will lie and feel uncomfortable. It is the manifestation of this side of participants which will be regarded as more profound disclosure than anything â€Å"candid camera† or â€Å"living cinema† ever could disclose. Eaton followed the words of Jean Rouch believed that camera uniting with presence of its director acts as a catalyst to the whole process of film making.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thompson comments that Surre alism played a very important role in the development of Rouch’s films (Thompson,n.d). Surrealism as a cultural movement influenced the mind of Jean Rouch to a great extent. It was a philosophical movement which according to Henley became very popular in Paris during the world war. Jean Rouch claimed in 1967 that for him making a film or cinema is like a surrealist painting. Rouch was a bridge builder in true sense. He bridged the gap between film and anthropology along with an introduction to new techniques and style of film making. Brink comments that â€Å"The filmmaker who was educated as civil engineer became a true bridge builder between film and anthropology, film and art, fiction and documentary , Europe and Africa†(Brink,n.d:2) Grimshaw states that Rouch’s Anthropological films are mostly based on the sense of intuition and are idiosyncratic in approach. His films are a visual treat for the students of visual anthropology. Grimshaw strikes a comparison between the anthropological cinemas of Jean Rouch and Mac Dougall where she describes Mac dougall cinema as detailed and practical while Rouch’s anthropological films to be more idealistic and imaginative. According to Grimshaw , rouch was a visionary   who used his films as a way to interpret the complexities and connections between the world and humanity. His ethnographic films were very much influenced by the political situation at that time. Rouch was very much inspired by the different freedom movements by the colonial people during that time which brought huge political, economic and social transitions around the world saw the colonies as oppressive masters. According to Grimshaw, Rouch was not only supportive of these movements but also gave different humanitarian expressions to it (Grimshaw,2001). Rouch’s ethnographic sensibilities as a film maker and anthropologist was very much shaped by his individualistic nature, background and political circumstances in France during that time (Grimshaw,2001). Rouch as an Anthropologist was very much trained in the path Maussian ideologies a very well know French anthropologist during 1920s till 1940s. Henley comments that Rouch himself never met Mauss but he came to know about his contributions in Anthropology through his supervisor Marcel Griaule who was a student of Mauss himself. Maussian influence is very much evident in earlier works of Jean Rouch, especially in the films he and Rosefelder produced together during their expeditions. Inspired greatly by Mauss’s idea to use camera gave birth to Rouch’s lifelong interest in â€Å"salvage ethnography†(Henley,2009). The most significant and appealing part of Rouch’s journey is that though other leading ethnographic film makers such as Robert Gardner and Judith Mac Dougall (2006) have made films based on different continent. However, Rouch’s focus has always been on Paris and Africa, with more concentration on Niger.   This approach of his was mostly influenced by Griaule (1938) and Dieterlen (1987) who believed that it takes twenty to thirty years to understand and have a deep knowledge about a particular society. This view is significantly supported by Jutra’s comment â€Å"Rouch, the ethnologist! Rouch, the explorer! Rouch, the traveler ! mere appearances. Rouch has two very circumscribed habitats : Paris and Niger†¦ he has no desire to cross these boundaries that he has so carefully traced†¦. Rouch is sedentary, a stay – at – home.†(Jutra,1961:116) From all the works of Jean Rouch I will consider Les Maitres Fous as the starting point of his greater expression for universal humanity. This film is notable in ways that it establishes and evokes the contours of Rouch’s humanistic vision (Grimshaw,2001) â€Å"Les Maitres Fous† (The Mad Masters) This film was first screened in Paris in the year 1955. According to Grimshaw the small number of audience of African intellectuals and French anthropologist present in the premiere of the film in Musee De l’ Homme was largely antagonistic in its response to Rouch’s works. Marcel Griaule called for the fim to be destroyed; Africans present during the screening of the film rejected it as bigoted and insulting. Shortly afterwards British government banned this movie to be shown in the colonial territories of West Africa (Grimshaw, 2001). Today† Les Maitres Fous† is widely accepted and considered as a classic of contemporary cinema. After watching the film consecutively for the third time I realized that the film’s power to move and perturb the audience has not reduced at all with the passage of time. Grimshaw comments that â€Å"Les Maitres Fous† inaugurates the distinguished series of films, which Rouch made between 1954 and 1960. Some of the fi lms which were made during this time was Jaguar, â€Å"Moi Un Noir†and â€Å"Chronique d’un Ete†, the most important fact about all of these films was that all f them were based in different themes. It is one of the most significant films in the growth of Rouch’s works as an ethnographer (Eaton n.d). Feld (2003) illustrates that Les maitres Fous was the earliest departure from purely evocative cinemas into a more unreal approach to event structures. He claims that having experiencing a ceremony several times, Rouch thought of breaching the vital aspects and approaches them as dramatic narratives. According to Eaton Rouch was asked to make this film after him and his wife Jane had given lecture at the British council in Accra. Rouch was approached by some of the Hauka priests and initiates present in that lecture who approached him to film their Hauka Annual Ceremony. The priests wanted to record the event not only to preserve it as a film and memory but also so that it could be used I the ritual itself (Eaton,n.d) . Grimshaw reflects that the film basically documents the course of possession ceremony held during one Sunday by members of the Hauka sect working as migrant labourers in Accra. During 1920s there was a form of strong resistance against the French colonial rule by this Hauka cult who had moved from their villages to work in Kumasi and Accra , the commercial areas of British dominated Gold Coast (Grimshaw, 2001)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   . According to Feld the Haukas were the most famous possession cult among the Songhay , that reached its full expression in Ghana, brought by the migrants from Niger. Mick Eaton explained that these ceremonies of Hauka sect started in the late 20s in the upper Niger region. Discriminated by the French colonial administration and adjudicated by rigid Islamic supporters many of the members of the Hauka sect moved to Ghana in the thirtees working as a migrant labourer throughout the gold coast region. Haukas defined themselves as the â€Å"new gods† the spir its of power and the winds (Eaton n.d) .The film vividly views the members of the Hauka cult working at menial task in the city during the week then in the possession trance during the weekend and again back to work in the week. The film starts with the scene of Bustling city of Accra where different people from across West Africa jostle up with one another sharing the â€Å"Great African adventure of work and life†. From the start the film appears to be imparting a sense of complexities, movements and characteristics of urban life.   Then there is sudden shift of events and audience find themselves plunged into a dark deep forest where Hauka people travelled by buses and trucks. According to   Rouch’s commentary   this was the place where the Hauka annual ceremony takes place and where the high priest of Hauka known as Mountebya lives.   The film shows the preliminary stages of confessions and appointment of new members before arriving into a dramatic climax w here members become possessed, adopting the identities and conventional behavior of British governor and his crew. The ceremony reaches its peak with the killing and eating of a dog, slowly Dusk approaches and Hauka people emerges from their trance and get prepared to return to Accra. The film ends with streams of flashbacks. Rouch is shown to return the following day to the same Hauka members who were possessed in the ceremony, calmy and efficiently working in their respective jobs (Grimshaw,2001). The possessed and frothing of the mouth, dribbling saliva flecked with the blood of the butchered dog, the violent and uncontrollable body movements and disturbing style of eating the dog meat are the most troubling factors of the film which shocks the senses of human mind and leaves a lifelong impression in ones’ mind. These shocking scenes of the film justify the fact behind the film being rejected by most of its audience as a whole. Indeed as James Clifford notes that this film stands as Rouchs’s manifestation of Griaule’s recognition that ethnographic observation involves conflict. According to Grimshaw â€Å"Les Maitres Fous†, reveals the sharp contrast between the conception of a shared or participatory anthropological cinema persued by Mac Dougall and the one practiced by Rouch†(Grimshaw,2001:101) â€Å"Les Maitres Fous† is distinguished for its intricate style camera work which Rouch adopted during his earlier life after the destruction of his tripod. Grimshaw (2001) also talks about Rouch’s narration in the Film as improvised or unrehearsed. It is his commentary that makes the film comprehensible and incomprehensible at the same time. Feld commented that Rouch made the film â€Å" Using a montage to create contexting boundaries and making the most of the technical limitation of twenty five second shots (he was still using a 16mm camera),Rouch was able to make a short film with more explicative depth and synthesis than his previous ethnographic studies†.(Feld,2003:5) As   Feld (2003) and Eaton (n.d) both expressed   that the film was shot on a hand cranked 16mm Bell and Howell Camera which allowed for 25 second shots, but it was also edited in the camera as much as possible and the ultimate shooting ratio turned out to be 8 – 10. The sound was recorded by Lam Ibrahim Dia and Damoure Zika, one of the first Africans whom Rouch knew quite well from his first trip to during the war, using a scubitophone which is a portable though heavy tape recorder with a clockwise motor that had to be wound up between takes.   Henley   added that the film is of 28 mins, edited by Suzzane Brown and produced by Les Films de la Pleiade and was awarded Grand Prix in the ethnographic category of the Venice Film festival in 1955 (Henley,2009). Eaton significantly estimated that Rouch’s use of voice over in â€Å"Les Maitres Fous† does not preserve the primacy of the images rather sets up completely different relation with sound and image. Rou ch not only translates the ceremony held by Huaka sect but more or less acts it out which in a way kills the authenticity of an ethnographic documentary (Eaton,n.d). Cooper (2006) suggests that though Rouch has tried to gain ethnographic knowledge through his ethnographic films as claimed by Jay Ruby (2000) but there is still a lot of space in acknowledging the fact which cannot be known or understood through the lenses. With no formal training in film making and direction, Rouch suprsing arose as a rule breaker in the Film world. Les Maitres Fous was one of the biggest examples of such rule break. According to Cooper† Les Maitres Fous† as a film can be represented in two ways at first considering the fact it is filmed by a western filmmaker it can be interpreted as a show of uncivilized attitude by the African Hauka people and secondly it can also be deciphered as African representation of the oppressive colonial western culture and its position in their society (Cooper ,2006). According to Homi.K .Bhabha the film is a clear representation of mockery to the oppressive colonial rule and their power show while showing the deep sighted pains of oppressed Africans (Bhabha,1994). The voice over used by rouch in the film is quite assertive and does influence the thinking process of the audiences a lot. Conclusion Rouchian cinema indeed consists of the most exciting form of ethnography which can be traced in all of his movies. My personal experience of Rouch’s film is a mixture of both the senses of agitation and fascination simultaneously. His film is indeed an experience of life time which stays in your memory till the last days of your life and which evokes the true spirit of humanity irrespective of class race and ethnicity. Through this Essay I have tried to discuss the various aspects of Jean Rouch’s cinema significantly concentrating my attention on â€Å"â€Å"Les Maitres Fous†. This movie disturbed my senses and my thinking about the human acceptance of culture. Through this film I realized that each society is different and is composed of different social dynamics. To me this film is a clear representation of the influence of oppressive western civilizations on the Africans and there after effects on African society. Though it should be also noted that this film has a element of fiction into it which sometimes covers the facts and presents a new form of truth which cannot be trusted sometimes. Cinema is the combination of rational, irrational, fiction and fact. Rouch expresses these elements more profoundly through his movies. Bibliography Henley, P .2009. The Adventure of the Real: Jean Rouch and the craft of Ethnographic Cinema. London and Chicago: The University of Chicago Press Ltd. Grimshaw, A . 2001. The Ethnographer’s Eye : Ways of seeing In Anthropology .New York , Cambridge and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Stroller, P.1992 .The cinematic Griot:the ethnography of Jean Rouch .London and Chicago: The University Of Chicago Press. Cooper , S .2006. Selfless Cinema?:Ethics and French Documentary. London: Legenda. Bhabha, H.K.1994. Bhabha: The Location Of Culture. New York: Routledge. Ruby ,J. 2000.Picturing Culture: explorations of film anthropology. Chicago and London:The University Of Chicago Press. Griaule , M. 1938. Masques Dogons. California:Institut dethnologie . MacDougall , D.2006. The corporeal image: film, ethnography, and the senses. Oxfordshire and New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Eaton, M.,n.d. Chronichle. In: Eaton. M,ed. 1979. Anthropology Reality Cinema: The films of Jean Rouch. Colchester and London:British Film Institute. p 1-34 Michel, M.,n.d. Direct. In: Eaton. M,ed. 1979. Anthropology Reality Cinema: The films of Jean Rouch. Colchester and London:British Film Institute. p 35-39 Eaton, M.,n.d. The production of Cinematic Reality. In: Eaton. M,ed. 1979. Anthropology Reality Cinema: The films of Jean Rouch. Colchester and London:British Film Institute.p 40-53 Rouch,J.,n.d. The Camera and Man. In: Eaton. M,ed. 1979. Anthropology Reality Cinema: The films of Jean Rouch. Colchester and London:British Film Institute.p54- 63 Brink.J.T.,n.d. Introduction. In.Joram .T.B,ed. 2007.Building Bridges: The cinema of Jean Rouch.London and New York :Wallflower Press.p 1 Nijiland,D.,n.d. Jean Rouch: A builder of bridges. In.Joram .T.B,ed. 2007.Building Bridges: The cinema of Jean Rouch.London and New York :Wallflower Press.p21 Grimshaw.A.,n.d.Adventure on the Road:Some reflections on Rouch and His Italian Contemporariries. In.Joram .T.B,ed. 2007.Building Bridges: The cinema of Jean Rouch.London and New York :Wallflower Press. Thompson.C.,n.d. Chance and Adventure in the Cinema and Ethnography of Jean Rouch. In.Joram .T.B,ed. 2007.Building Bridges: The cinema of Jean Rouch.London and New York :Wallflower Press Feld.S.,2003. Cinà ©-ethnography Jean Rouch.Minneapolis:University Of Minnesota Press